'Careless use of AI is the real threat - not the ghost stories'

Meredith Whittaker has little patience for the AI doom that dominates headlines - she thinks warnings of AI turning on humanity is a fear "not anchored in science".

"The risk is very real," says the boss of the Signal Foundation, which runs the encrypted messaging app of the same name, "but it's not the shiny ghost stories the wild-eyed boys are talking about".

Instead, she believes the more immediate danger is the technology being used carelessly.

She cites an alleged incident, reported by CNN, in which a chatbot used by US intelligence invented information about a Chinese vessel carrying nuclear material, reportedly leading the US to prepare a military response.

"We almost went to war with China," she tells BBC Global Women.

"A system that produces faulty intelligence and almost gets us into a war with China should not be considered super-intelligent by any standards."

Signal has an estimated 40-70 million users - a drop in the ocean next to WhatsApp, which has billions.

But it is renowned for its tough stance on protecting users' privacy - it hides who is sending a message from its own servers, limiting the data available to outside observers or hackers.